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Four Wheelers

Emission Norms for Four Wheelers
The Government had notified Mass Emission Standards (Bharat Stage III) for four wheeled vehicles vide notification GSR 686 (E) in 2004 for implementation from 1st April 2005.

The norms were applicable in the National Capital Region and the cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad including Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra except in respect of four wheeled transport vehicles plying on Inter-State Permits or National Permits or All India Tourist Permits within the jurisdiction of these cities and in other areas of the country from such date as may be notified by the Central Government.

The applicability of BS-III Norm was further amended vide GSR 84 (E)/2009 in respect of Four wheelers vehicles manufactured on and from the 1st October 2010 applied to all the States and the Union Territories except National Capital Region and the cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad including Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra.

Different types of tests for M and N1 category

Type I

Exhaust Emission

Type II

Spark Ignition (Idling CO & HC) and Compression Ignition (Free Acceleration Smoke)

Type III

Crankcasae emission from gasoline vehicle is not permitted

Type IV

Evaporative emission measured in the SHED from gasoline vehicles

Type V

The durability of Anti Pollution Device is determined either by actual durability run over 80,000 km or by application of a fixed deterioration factor.

Driving Cycle
India is following the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) designed to assess the emission levels of car engines and fuel economy in passenger cars (excluding light trucks and commercial vehicles).

It was effective in year 2000 in European Union Type Approval of emissions and fuel consumption from light duty vehicles [EEC Directive 90/C81/01]. The cycle consists of four repeated ECE-15 urban driving cycles (UDC) and one Extra-Urban driving cycle (EUDC).Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. The test is performed on a chassis dynamometer. The entire cycle includes four ECE segments (Figure 1) repeated without interruption, followed by one EUDC segment (Figure 2). Before the test, the vehicle is allowed to soak for at least 6 hours at a test temperature of 20-30°C.It is then started and allowed to idle for 40s.The ECE is an urban driving cycle, also known as UDC.

What We Do
The EUDC (Extra Urban Driving Cycle) segment has been added after the fourth ECE cycle to account for more aggressive, high speed driving modes.

The maximum speed of the EUDC cycle is 120 km/h. An alternative EUDC cycle for low-powered vehicles has also been defined with a maximum speed limited to 90 km/h, Figure 3.Type I, II and III Tests. The urban driving cycle—ECE 15, Figure 1—represents Type I test, as defined by the original ECE 15 emissions procedure. Type II test is a warmed-up idle tailpipe CO test conducted immediately after the fourth cycle of the Type I test. Type III test is a two-mode (idle and 50 km/h) chassis dynamometer procedure for crankcase emission determination.

What We Do
On Road
Heavy Duty > 3500
Heavy Duty > 3500 European Stationary Cycle (ESC) test cycle was introduced together with the ETC (European Transient Cycle) and the ELR (European Load Response) tests by the Euro III emission regulation—Directive 1999/96/EC, effective year 2000—for emission measurement from heavy-duty diesel engines.

The ESC is a 13-mode, steady-state procedure that replaced the R-49 test. The engine is tested on an engine dynamometer over a sequence of steady-state modes. Emissions are measured during each mode and averaged over the cycle using a set of weighting factors. The final emission results are expressed in g/kWh.

ESC Test Modes

Mode Engine Speed Load, % Weight, % Duration

1

Low Idle

0

15

4 minutes

2

A

100

8

2 minutes

3

B

50

10

2 minutes

4

B

75

10

2 minutes

5

A

50

5

2 minutes

6

A

75

5

2 minutes

7

A

25

5

2 minutes

8

B

100

9

2 minutes

9

B

25

10

2 minutes

10

C

100

8

2 minutes

11

C

25

5

2 minutes

12

C

75

5

2 minutes

13

C

50

5

2 minutes

14

C

25

5

2 minutes

The European Load Response (ELR) engine test has been introduced by the Euro III emission regulation—Directive 1999/96/EC, effective year 2000—for the purpose of smoke opacity measurement from heavy-duty diesel engines.

The test consists of a sequence of three load steps at each of the three engine speeds A (cycle 1), B (cycle 2) and C (cycle 3), followed by cycle 4 at a speed between speed A and speed C and a load between 10% and 100%. Speeds A, B, and C are defined in the ESC cycle. The sequence of dynamometer operation on the test engine is shown in Figure ELR Test. The final smoke value is determined as a weighted average from the mean values at speeds A, B, and C.

What We Do

GVW less than 3500 kg
  • Motor Cars with seating capacity of and upto 6 persons (including driver) and GVW not exceeding 2500 kg.
  • Four Wheeler Passenger Vehicles with GVW equal to or less than 3500 Kg. and designed to carry more than 6 persons (including driver) or 3000 kg.
  • Four Wheeled Vehicles (other than Passenger Vehicles) with GVW equal to or less than 3500 Kg. shall conform to the following norms.
Vehicles with Limit Values for Type Approval (TA) as well as COP (g/km)
CO HC NOx HC + NOx PM
Class Ref. mass (rw) kg. Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Diesel
I rw < 1305 2.30 0.64 0.20 --- 0.15 0.50 --- 0.56 0.05
II rw 1305 -1760 4.17 0.80 0.25 --- 0.18 0.65 --- 0.72 0.07
III rw > 1760 5.22 0.95 0.29 --- 0.21 0.78 --- 0.86 0.10
GVW over 3500 kg

Diesel Vehicles with GVW exceeding 3500 Kg. shall conform to the following norms.

Limit Values for Type Approval (TA) as well as COP (g/km)
Engine Steady State Cycle (ESC) test Engine Load Response (ELR) test
CO (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) NOx (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh) Smoke (m -1) #
2.10 0.66 5.00 0.10 / 0.13 * 0.80

Note: * For engines having swept volume of less than 0.75 litre per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 rpm # For diesel engines only

Diesel vehicles with GVW exceeding 3500 kg and fitted with Advanced exhaust after treatment system including De-NOx catalyst and / or particular trap shall additionally conform to the following norms:-

Limit Values for Type Approval (TA) as well as COP (g/km)
Engine Steady State Cycle (ESC) test
CO (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) NOx (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh)
5.45 0.78 5.00 0.16/0.21*

Note: For engines having swept volume of less than 0.75 liter per cylinder and rated power speed of more than 3000 rpm

Please note that the Government of India had issued notification GSR 504 (E), dated 16thJuly 2014 wherein the Mass Emission Standards (Bharat Stage III) in respect of four-wheeled vehicles manufactured on and from the 1st October, 2014 shall not apply to the cities of Puducherry, Mathura, Vapi, Jamnagar, Ankaleshwar, Hissar, Bharatpur, Daman, Diu, Silvasa, Unnao, Rae Bareilly, Aligarh, Karnal, Valsad, Yamuna Nagar, Kurukshetra, Nizamabad, Medak and Mehboobnagar.”

The norms for M and N Category vehicles were notified vide GSR 84 (E) in 2009 for implementation from 1st April 2010. It came into force in the National Capital Region and the cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad including Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra except the four-wheeled transport vehicles plying on Inter-State permits or National permits or All India Tourist permits, within the jurisdiction of these cities.

GVW less than 3500 kg

The mass emission standard for Bharat Stage-IV Category M and Category N vehicles manufactured on or after the 1st April, 2010, with Gross Vehicle Weight not exceeding 3,500 kg is as under:

Limit values for TA and COP
Category Class Reference Mass (RW) (kg) Mass of Carbon Monoxide (CO) (g/km) Mass of Hydro Carbon (HC) (g/km) Mass of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) (g/km) Combined mass of Hydro carbons & Oxides of Nitrogen (HC+NOx) (g/km) Mass of Particulates (PM) (g/km)
Gasoline
(Positive Ignition) 		Diesel
(Compression Ignition) 		Gasoline Gasoline Diesel Diesel Diesel
M - All 1.00 0.50 0.10 0.08 0.25 0.30 0.025
N1 and M** I RW=1305 1.00 0.50 0.10 0.08 0.25 0.30 0.025
II 1305=RW=1760 1.81 0.63 0.13 0.10 0.33 0.39 0.04
III 1760<RW 2.27 0.73 0.16 0.11 0.39 0.46 0.06

Note:

  • * These limits are not applicable for vehicles designed to carry more than six persons including driver or vehicles whose gross vehicle weight exceeds 2,500 kg.
  • **These limits are applicable for vehicles designed to carry more than six persons including driver or vehicles whose gross vehicle weight exceeds 2,500 kg.
GVW over 3500 kg

Vehicles with Gross Vehicle Weight exceeding 3,500 kg manufactured on or after the 1st April, 2010 and equipped with either the Diesel Engines or the CNG Engines or the LPG Engines shall conform to the following norms:-

For Diesel Engines

Limit values for Type Approval (TA) as well as (COP)
Engine Steady State Cycle (ESC) test Engine Load Response(ELR) test
CO (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) NOx (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh) Smoke (m-1)
1.50 0.46 3.50 0.02 0.50

For Diesel Engines, CNG Engines or LPG Engines

Engine Transient Cycle (ETC) test
CO (g/kWh NMHC (1) (g/kWh) CH4 (2) (g/kWh NOx (g/kWh) PM (3) (g/kWh
4.00 0.55 1.10 3.50 0.03
  • A manufacturer may choose to measure the mass of total hydrocarbons (THC) instead of measuring the mass of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC). In this case, the limit for mass of THC should be same as for the NMHC.
  • For CNG engines only
  • For Diesel engines only

Please note that the Government of India issued notification GSR 504 (E), dated 16thJuly 2014 wherein the Mass Emission Standards (Bharat Stage IV) shall be applicable in the cities of Puducherry, Mathura, Vapi, Jamnagar, Ankaleshwar, Hissar, Bharatpur, Daman, Diu, Silvasa, Unnao, Rae Bareilly, Aligarh, Karnal, Valsad, Yamuna Nagar, Kurukshetra, Nizamabad, Medak and Mehboobnagar in respect of four wheeled vehicles manufactured on or after the 1stOctober, 2014 except the four wheeled transport vehicles plying on Inter-State Permits or National Permit or All India Tourist Permits, within the jurisdiction of the said cities.

Mass Emission Standards for Compressed Natural Gas Driven Vehicles

Mass emission standards for vehicles when operating on Compressed Natural Gas (hereinafter in this rule referred to as "CNG") shall be the same as are applicable for gasoline vehicles with the exception that HC shall be replaced by Non-Methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC), where NMHC = 0.3 x HC.

Mass Emission Standards for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Driven Vehicles

Mass emission standards for vehicles when operating on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (hereinafter in this rule referred to as 'LPG') shall be the same as are applicable for gasoline vehicles with the exception that HC shall be replaced by Reactive Hydrocarbon (RHC), where RHC = 0.5 x HC.

As per Report of AFV&P 2025, May 2014, there needs to be a roadmap for the transition from the present BS IV regime to BS V & BS VI country wide for 4-wheelers. For regions where 50 ppm sulphur fuel is available, the applicable emission norms would be same as BS IV.

Gasoline/Positive Ignition Engines:
Norm Category Class RW in kg CO THC NOx NMHC PM No. of particles
mg (number of particles ) per km travelled
Euro V / BSV M --- All 1000 100 60 68 4.50  
N1 I RW=1305 1000 100 60 68 4.50  
  II 1305=RW=1760 1810 130 75 90 4.50  
  III 1760<RW 2270 160 82 108 4.50  
Euro VI / BSVI M --- All 1000 100 60 68 4.50 6*10 11
N1 I RW=1305 1000 100 60 68 4.50 6*1011
  II 1305=RW=1760 1810 130 75 90 4.50 6*1011
  III 1760<RW 2270 160 82 108 4.50 6*1011

Note:

  • Particulate standards shall apply to vehicles with direct injection engines only. BS V and BS VI norms are aligned with Euro V and Euro VI norms.
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Diesel/Compression Ignition Engines:
Norm Category Class RW, kg CO
mg/km 		NOx mg/km THC+ NOx
mg/km		 PM
mg/km		 No. of particles
mg (number of particles ) per km travelled
Euro V/ BSV M --- All 500 180 230 4.50 6*1011
N1 I RW=1305 500 180 230 4.50 6*1011
II 1305=RW=1760 630 235 295 4.50 6*1011
III 1760<RW 740 280 350 4.50 6*1011
Euro VI / BSVI M --- All 500 80 170 4.50 6*1011
N1 I RW=1305 500 80 170 4.50 6*1011
II 1305=RW=1760 630 105 195 4.50 6*1011
III 1760<RW 740 125 215 4.50 6*1011

Roadmap to BS V and BS VI (Ref. Report of AFV&P 2025)
Item Implementation date Remarks
BS IV BS V BS VI
4-wheeler (< 3,500 kg) Nationwide implementation in 2017 For new models with effect from 1 April 2020 and continuing models to switch to BS V within one year, i.e., before 31 March 2021. 4 years after country wide BS V implementation, i.e. from 1 April 2024
  • Alignments of dates of BS V and BS VI implementation of <3,500 kg with >3,500 kg GVW to synergies development, return of investment and supply chain
  • Phase-in of regulation like in Europe for < and > 3,500 kg GVW
Fuel quality 50 ppm sulphur In line with BS V fuel (10 ppm sulphur) In line with BS V fuel (10 ppm sulphur)
  • Fuel roadmap to be made available (conventional, bio-fuel and gaseous fuel)
  • Fuel quality monitoring at retail outlet
  • Enforcement law/order for curbing adulteration
Emission Roadmap for BS V and BS VI for 4 Wheelers Weight of > 3,500 kg

As per Report of AFV&P 2025, May 2014, Europe moved to Euro IV standards in 2005, to Euro V standards in 2008/2009 and to Euro VI in 2013. In India, where 50 pm sulphur fuel is available, the applicable emission regime is BS IV, which was notified in February 2009 under the Central Motor Vehicle Rules.

Emission Norms for Diesel Engines > 3.5 Tonnes GVW
Emission, g/KWH Driving Cycle CO HC NOx NH3
ppm		 PM Smoke
(m-1)		 PM No.
/ KWH
gms per KWH    
BS IV ESC/ELR 1.5 0.46 3.5 -- 0.02 0.50 --
BS V (Euro V) ESC 1.5 0.46 2.0 -- 0.02 0.50 --
BS VI (Euro VI) WHSC 1.5 -- 0.4 10 0.01 -- 8X10^11
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Emission Norms for CNG or LPG Engines > 3.5 tones GVW
Emission, g/KWH Driving Cycle CO NMHC† CH4 NOx NH3
ppm 		PM
g/KWH 		PM No.
/ KWH
gms per KWH    
BS IV ETC 4.00 0.55 1.10 -- -- 0.03 --
BS V (Euro V) ETC 4.00 0.55 1.10 -- -- 0.03 --
BS VI (Euro VI) WHTC 4.00 0.16 0.50 10 10 0.01 6X10^11
  CNG only   For Diesel only

Note: The manufacturer may choose to measure the mass of total hydrocarbons (THC) instead of measuring the mass of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC). In this case, the limit for mass of THC should be same as for NMHC.

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Emission Controls Manufacturers Association

Mr. Neelkanth Marathe

(Executive Director)
205, Chandra Bhawan, 67-68, Nehru Place, New Delhi-110019